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C
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C Programming Language
File Scope in C
File Scope in C
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C Tutorial
Introduction
Introduction
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History of C
Standards
Enviroment Setup
Hello Words
Program Structure
Compilation Process
Syntax
Statements
Expressions
Expression vs Statement
Blocks
Lexical Element
Tokens
Keywords
Comments
Identifiers
Character Set
Literals
Variables
Variables
Declaring Variables
Initializing Variables
Variable Naming Conventions
const Qualifier
Input & Output
Input
Ouput
Format Specifiers
Data Types
Data Types
Integer Types
Floating-Point Types
Type Modifiers
Booleans
Void Type
Escape Sequence
Integer Promotions
Character Arithmetic
Type Conversion
Type Casting
Operators
Operators
Arithmetic
Unary Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Bitwise Operators
Assignment Operators
Increment and Decrement Operators
Ternary Operators
The sizeof Operators
Operator Precedence and Associativity
Miscellaneous Operators
Control Flow
Control Flow Statements
If Statement
If...Else Statement
If...Else If Statement
Switch Statement
Switch Case Using Range
Bitwise Operators
Assignment Operators
Increment and Decrement Operators
Ternary Operators
The sizeof Operators
Break Statement
Continue Statement
Goto Statement
Functions
Functions
Function Prototype
Main Function
Function call by Value
Function call by reference
Nested Functions
Variadic Functions in C
User-Defined Functions
Callback Function
Return Statement
Recursion
Predefined Identifier __func__
Scope
Scope
Block Scope
File Scope
Function Scope
Function Prototype Scope
Scope Shadowing
Scope and Lifetime
Scope and Linkage
Common Scope Mistakes
Arrays
Arrays
Declaring Arrays
Initializing Arrays
Accessing Array Elements
Iterating Through Arrays
Array Size
Multidimensional Arrays
Character Arrays
Passing Arrays to Functions
Variable Length Arrays
Common Array Operations
Common Array Mistakes
Strings
Introduction to Strings
String Declaration
String Initialization
String Input and Output
String Length
Accessing String Characters
Modifying Strings
String Library Functions
Comparing Strings
Copying Strings
Concatenating Strings
Searching Strings
Tokenizing Strings
Passing Strings to Functions
Arrays vs String Literals
Strings and Pointers
Multidimensional Strings
Common String Mistakes
String Best Practices
Pointers
Introduction to Pointers
Declaring Pointers
Pointer Initialization
The Address-of Operator (&)
The Indirection Operator (*)
NULL Pointers
Pointer Arithmetic
Pointers and Arrays
Pointers and Strings
Passing Pointers to Functions
Pointers to Pointers
Const and Pointers
Void Pointers
Function Pointers
Pointer Comparison
Common Pointer Mistakes
Pointer Best Practices
Structures
Introduction to Structures
Structure Declaration
Structure Initialization
Structure Members
Nested Structures
Arrays of Structures
Structures and Functions
Pointers to Structures
Self-Referential Structures
Flexible Array Members
Unions
Unions
Declaration Union in C
Memory Layout Union
Structures vs Unions
Enumerations
Enumerations
Enum Values
Anonymous Enums
Typedef
Introduction to typedef
typedef with Structures
typedef with Unions
typedef with Enums
typedef with Pointers
typedef with Function Pointers
Memory Management
Introduction to Memory Management
Memory Layout
Storage Duration
Dynamic Memory Allocation
malloc()
calloc()
realloc()
free()
Memory Leaks
Dangling Pointers
Buffer Overflow
Memory Alignment
Memory Functions
Dynamic Arrays
Dynamic Structures
Common Memory Mistakes
Memory Management Best Practices
File Handling
Introduction to File Handling
Streams and FILE
Opening and Closing Files
Reading from Files
Writing to Files
File Positioning
Binary Files
Error Handling
Temporary Files
File Buffering
Common File Operations
Common File Handling Mistakes
File Handling Best Practices
Preprocessors
Introduction to the Preprocessor
Macro Directives
File Inclusion
Conditional Compilation
Predefined Macros